Passive assessments generally rely on which of the following methods?

Passive assessments primarily focus on the evaluation of an organization's systems, processes, and data without direct interaction or modification of the operational environment. The correct answer, which highlights data collection and analysis, is essential because it involves gathering existing information about cybersecurity practices, system vulnerabilities, and overall security posture without introducing any potential disturbances.

In a passive assessment, the analysis of collected data can reveal insights into how systems are configured, what security measures are in place, and where gaps may exist. This approach allows for a thorough understanding of the current cybersecurity landscape without the risks associated with actively probing or testing systems, which could lead to unintended consequences or disruptions.

Threat modeling exercises, while valuable for identifying potential risks and vulnerabilities, typically require active engagement and could lead to the modification of security parameters during the process. Automated scanning, on the other hand, involves active tools that interact with the systems to find vulnerabilities, making it contrary to the passive assessment philosophy. Employee training sessions are essential for improving cybersecurity awareness and practices but do not fall within the framework of passive assessments, as they involve direct interaction and education activities.