Which computer programs assess computers, computer systems, networks or applications for weaknesses against databases of known vulnerabilities?

The reason why network vulnerability scanning tools are identified as the correct choice is that they are specifically designed to identify weaknesses and vulnerabilities in computers, computer systems, networks, or applications by comparing them against comprehensive databases of known vulnerabilities. These tools systematically probe networks and devices to uncover security flaws, thereby helping organizations detect potential entry points for cyberattacks.

In contrast, firewalls serve primarily as a barrier to control incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules, but they do not perform assessments for vulnerabilities. Encryption tools focus on securing data by converting it into a coded format to prevent unauthorized access, rather than analyzing systems for weaknesses. Intrusion detection systems monitor network traffic and alert administrators to suspicious activities, but like firewalls, they do not actively assess vulnerabilities against known databases. Therefore, the distinct functionality of network vulnerability scanning tools makes them the appropriate answer for this question.